ubtob

Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library created to facilitate the development of support knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in AI research study, making released research more easily reproducible [24] [144] while offering users with a basic user interface for communicating with these environments. In 2022, brand-new advancements of Gym have been transferred to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146]
Gym Retro

Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on video games [147] using RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research study focused mainly on optimizing representatives to fix single tasks. Gym Retro offers the ability to generalize between games with comparable concepts but various looks.

RoboSumo

Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic agents initially do not have knowledge of how to even stroll, but are offered the objectives of finding out to move and to press the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing procedure, the agents find out how to adapt to changing conditions. When a representative is then eliminated from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, recommending it had found out how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition between agents might produce an intelligence "arms race" that could increase a representative's capability to function even outside the context of the competition. [148]
OpenAI 5

OpenAI Five is a group of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five video game Dota 2, that find out to play against human gamers at a high ability level totally through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the very first public demonstration happened at The International 2017, the annual best championship competition for the video game, hb9lc.org where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for 2 weeks of real time, and that the learning software was an action in the direction of developing software that can manage intricate tasks like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system uses a form of reinforcement learning, as the bots discover over time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156]
By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a complete team of 5, and they were able to beat teams of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in 2 exhibit matches against professional gamers, however wound up losing both games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the reigning world champions of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 overall games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those games. [165]
OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player reveals the challenges of AI systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated using deep support learning (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches. [166]
Dactyl

Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes machine finding out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, ratemywifey.com to control physical objects. [167] It discovers completely in simulation using the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI tackled the object orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation approach which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than attempting to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking cams, also has RGB cameras to allow the robotic to control an approximate object by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to control a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl might resolve a Rubik's Cube. The robotic was able to resolve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce intricate physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by enhancing the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of creating gradually harder environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to specify randomization ranges. [169]
API

In June 2020, OpenAI revealed a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new AI designs established by OpenAI" to let developers get in touch with it for "any English language AI task". [170] [171]
Text generation

The business has promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
OpenAI's original GPT design ("GPT-1")

The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was written by Alec Radford and his associates, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It showed how a generative design of language might obtain world knowledge and process long-range dependences by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.

GPT-2

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without supervision transformer language design and the successor to OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with just limited demonstrative variations initially released to the general public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not immediately released due to issue about prospective abuse, including applications for composing phony news. [174] Some experts revealed uncertainty that GPT-2 postured a considerable hazard.

In response to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to spot "neural phony news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, cautioned of "the technology to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several sites host interactive demonstrations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180]
GPT-2's authors argue without supervision language designs to be general-purpose students, highlighted by GPT-2 attaining advanced precision and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).

The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain concerns encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
GPT-3

First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion specifications, [184] 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as few as 125 million specifications were also trained). [186]
OpenAI specified that GPT-3 was successful at certain "meta-learning" jobs and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184]
GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs might be approaching or experiencing the basic capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 needed several thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for wiki.asexuality.org the full GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not instantly released to the public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month complimentary personal beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189]
On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed specifically to Microsoft. [190] [191]
Codex

Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and it-viking.ch is the AI powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, wiki.snooze-hotelsoftware.de an API was released in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a lots programming languages, the majority of successfully in Python. [192]
Several concerns with glitches, style defects and security vulnerabilities were pointed out. [195] [196]
GitHub Copilot has been implicated of emitting copyrighted code, without any author attribution or license. [197]
OpenAI announced that they would terminate support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
GPT-4

On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the updated technology passed a simulated law school bar test with a rating around the leading 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might likewise read, analyze or generate as much as 25,000 words of text, and write code in all major shows languages. [200]
Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is likewise efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to reveal different technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the exact size of the model. [203]
GPT-4o

On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and launched GPT-4o, which can process and create text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained state-of-the-art lead to voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) criteria compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized variation of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be particularly useful for business, start-ups and designers seeking to automate services with AI representatives. [208]
o1

On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have been created to take more time to believe about their actions, resulting in greater precision. These designs are particularly reliable in science, coding, and reasoning jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Employee. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211]
o3

On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the successor of the o1 reasoning model. OpenAI also revealed o3-mini, a lighter and much faster version of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and security researchers had the opportunity to obtain early access to these models. [214] The model is called o3 instead of o2 to avoid confusion with telecommunications services supplier O2. [215]
Deep research study

Deep research study is an agent developed by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to carry out substantial web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools enabled, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120]
Image classification

CLIP

Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the semantic similarity in between text and images. It can notably be utilized for image classification. [217]
Text-to-image

DALL-E

Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to analyze natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and produce matching images. It can produce pictures of realistic objects ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") as well as things that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available.

DALL-E 2

In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an upgraded version of the design with more practical outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software for Point-E, a new fundamental system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220]
DALL-E 3

In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to create images from complicated descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complicated details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222]
Text-to-video

Sora

Sora is a text-to-video model that can create videos based on short detailed triggers [223] as well as extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of created videos is unidentified.

Sora's development team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to represent its "endless creative capacity". [223] Sora's innovation is an adjustment of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos in addition to copyrighted videos licensed for that function, however did not expose the number or the specific sources of the videos. [223]
OpenAI showed some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it could create videos approximately one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the methods utilized to train the model, and the model's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its imperfections, including struggles simulating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "impressive", but noted that they must have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's typical output. [225]
Despite uncertainty from some following Sora's public demonstration, noteworthy entertainment-industry figures have actually shown significant interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his awe at the technology's capability to generate sensible video from text descriptions, citing its possible to reinvent storytelling and content production. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually decided to pause prepare for broadening his Atlanta-based motion picture studio. [227]
Speech-to-text

Whisper

Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition design. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of varied audio and is also a multi-task design that can perform multilingual speech recognition in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229]
Music generation

MuseNet

Released in 2019, wiki.whenparked.com MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can create tunes with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune created by MuseNet tends to begin fairly however then fall under mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, preliminary applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the web mental thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233]
Jukebox

Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to produce music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI mentioned the tunes "show local musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" however acknowledged that the tunes lack "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a significant space" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technologically outstanding, even if the outcomes sound like mushy variations of songs that may feel familiar", while Business Insider mentioned "surprisingly, a few of the resulting songs are appealing and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236]
Interface

Debate Game

In 2018, OpenAI introduced the Debate Game, which teaches devices to debate toy issues in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research study whether such a method might assist in auditing AI choices and in developing explainable AI. [237] [238]
Microscope

Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every considerable layer and nerve cell of 8 neural network designs which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was produced to examine the functions that form inside these neural networks quickly. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, wiki.dulovic.tech different variations of Inception, and different variations of CLIP Resnet. [241]
ChatGPT

Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool built on top of GPT-3 that offers a conversational interface that allows users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then reacts with a response within seconds.